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Table 3
Mark ups on anti-malarial drugs
Country	Methods (study reference)	*Generic name (drug type or brand)**	Product description, (as provided in the literature)	Mark ups across supply chain levels

				Primary	Intermediate 1	Intermediate 2	Terminal	Retail (location where available)

								Pharmacies	Drug shops	General shops

Burkina Faso	Document review; KII§ Semi-structured interviews with suppliers [54]	CQ	1 dose	-	-	-	-	100%	-	-

		SP	1 dose	-	-	-	-	100%	-	-

		ACT	1 dose	-	-	-	30%	100%	-	-

Cameroon	KII [54]	ACT	1 dose	-	-	-	14%	34%	-	-

Cambodia	Semi-structured interviews with suppliers and retailers [48,55]	AS	18 tablets	-	-	-	2%	3%	-	-

		AS+M ± (Malarine^®)	Child dose	-	-	-	50%	3%	-	-

	Structured interviews with suppliers [58]	AS+M ± (Malarine^®)	Adult dose	-	-	-	-	71% **		-

		AS+M ± (Malarine^®)	Child dose	-	-	-	-	65% **		-

		AS+M2	8 tablets	-	-	-	-	29% **		-

		AS+M3	12 tablets	-	-	-	-	15% **		-

		AS+M4	17 tablets	-	-	-	-	16% **		-

Kenya	KII and structured survey of retailers [78]	AQ (IB)	9 tablets	40%	-	-	15%	33%	-	-

		SP (IB)	3 tablets	29.5%	-	-	15%	33%	-	-

		SP (G, LPG)	3 tablets	-	-	-	15%	203%	-	-

	Semi-structured interviews with retailers [25]	AQ (Malaramed^®)	Child dose, syrup	-	-	-	-	86%	-	-

		AQ (Amobin^®)	Child dose, syrup	-	-	-	-	22.9%	-	-

		AQ (Malaratab^®)	Child dose	-	-	-	-	189%	-	-

		SP (Laridox^®)	Child dose	-	-	-	-	151%	-	-

		SP (Fansidar^®)	Child dose	-	-	-	-	13%	-	-

		SP (Falcidin^®)	Child dose	-	-	-	-	28%	-	-

	Document review [61]	AMs	-	-	-	-	15%	20%	-	-

	KII [54]	ACT	1 pack	-	-	-	10%	33%	-	-

Senegal	KII; Mystery shopper technique at retail level [62]	AS+AQ ±	Adult dose	-	-	-	15%	3-5%	-	-

			Child dose	-	-	-	15%	11-22%	-	-

	Semi-structured interviews with suppliers and retailers [55]	Q (IB, BG)	1 dose (injection)	-	-	-	18%	41%		-

		Q (G)	1 dose (injection)	-	-	-	15%	30%		-

Tanzania	Semi-structured interviews with suppliers and retailers [20,32]	AQ	1 tablet	-	-	-	9%	-	270%-669% (rural)	-

		AQ	1 tablet	-	-	8%	-	-	-	-

		Q	1 tablet	-	-	-	26%	-	150%-203% (rural)	-

	Semi-structured interviews with suppliers and retailers [31]	SP	3 tablets	48%	-	-	13%	-	-	100-233%

	Semi-structured interviews with suppliers and retailers [29,30]	AL (IB) ±ⁱ	5<15 kg dose	-	-	-	67% **	-	100-200%	-

			15<25 kg dose	-	-	-	56% **	-	60%-221%	-

			25<35 kg dose	-	-	-	52% **	-	47%-230%	-

			35+ kg dose	-	-	-	50% **	-	39%-233%	-

		AL (IB) ±ⁱⁱ	5 <15 kg dose	43%	-	-	-	-	100-200%	-

			15<25 kg dose	34%	-	-	-	-	60%-221%	-

			25<35 kg dose	31%	-	-	-	-	47%-230%	-

			35+ kg dose	27-30% **	-	-	-	-	39%-233%	-

	Semi-structured interviews with suppliers and retailers [34]	ACT (IB)	n/a†	-	-	-	21%	-	54% (rural)	-

		AMT(IB)	n/a†	-	-	-	18%	-	44% (rural)	-

		SP	n/a†	-	-	-	23%	-	110% (rural)	-

		AQ	n/a†	-	-	-	41%	-	96% (rural)	-

		Quinine	n/a†	-	-	-	38%	-	64% (rural)	-

Uganda	Semi-structured interviews with suppliers and retailers [59]	SP (MSG)	3 tablets	-	-	6%	-	410%	-	-

		SP (LPG)	3 tablets	27%	-	-	29%	501%	-	-

	KII; Semi-structured interviews with retailers [54]	All AMs	n/a	40-50%	-	-	7-8%	-	-	-

		AL (G)	1 dose	-	-	-	-	38%		-

		CQ (G)	1 dose	-	-	-	-	100%		-

	Semi-structured interviews with suppliers and retailers [26]	DHA+PP (IB)	1 tablet	32%	-	-	14%	-	29% (rural)	-

		DHA+PP (IB)	1 tablet	32%	-	-	21%	22% (rural)	-	-

		SP (IB)	1 tablet	57%	-	-	8%	-	43% (rural)	-

		SP (IB)	1 tablet	57%	-	-	16%	50%(rural)	-	-

		SP (G)	1 tablet	-	-	-	40%	-	198% (rural)	-

		SP (G)	1 tablet	-	-	-	13%	271%(rural)	-	-

		CQ (G)	1 tablet	-	-	-	18%	152%(rural)	-	-

		Artemether (IB)	1 ampoule	99%	-	-	33%	-	50% (rural)	-

		Artemether (IB)	1 ampoule	56%	-	-	16%	28%(rural)	-	-

		SP (G)	1 tablet	-	-	-	25%	-	200% (rural)	-

		CQ (G)	1 tablet	-	-	-	41%	-	92% (rural)	-

		DHA+PP (IB)	1 tablet	36%	-	-	11%	65%(urban)	-	-

		Artemether	1 ampoule	56%	-	-	17%	-	136% (urban)	-

		Artemether	1 ampoule	56%	-	-	17%	82%(urban)	-	-

		SP (IB)	1 tablet	57%	-	-	5%	85%(urban)	-	-

		SP (G)	1 tablet	-	-	-	25%	566% (urban)	-	-

		CQ (G)	1 tablet	-	-	-	24%	143% (urban)	-	-

Zambia	Structured interviews with suppliers [33]	ACT	-	-	-	-	-	-	60%	-

		SP	-	-	-	-	-	182%	-	-

		ACT	-	-	-	-	-	29%, 11%-100% (urban)

		ACT	-	-	-	-	-	67%,13%-100% (peri-urban)

		ACT	-	-	-	-	-	54%, 50-100% (rural)

		SP	-	-	-	-	-	50%, 15%-327% (urban)

		SP	-	-	-	-	-	300%, 50%-517% (peri-urban)

		SP	-	-	-	-	-	50%, 15%-500% (rural)

	Semi-structured interviews with suppliers and retailers [48,55]	Selected AM ¥	-	-	-	-	-	30%

* AM = anti-malarials; AMT = artemisinin monotherapies; mg = milligrams; ml = millilitres; AS = Artesunate; M = Mefloquine; AS+M2 = combination for children weighing between 16 kgs to 24 kgs; AS+M3 = combination for children weighing between 25 kgs to 35 kgs; AS+M4 = combination for adults; AQ = Amodiaquine; SP = Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine; Q = Quinine; AL = Artemether-Lumefantrine; DHA+PP = Dihydroartemisinin+Piperaquine; IB = imported innovator brand, IG = imported generic, B = branded; G = locally produced generic, MSG = most sold generic, LPG = lowest priced generic, BG = branded generic; I = imported, LP = locally produced; SC = supply chain; ± = subsidized product; - = level of the chain did not exist or data not available; **Author's own calculations; † mean across all products within drug class. ⁱprimary supplier is the terminal supplier, ⁱⁱprimary supplier sells to terminal regional supplier. ¥ included AQ (3 tablets), Artemether (not stated), AS (6 tablets), CQ (1000 tablets), DHA (not stated), Halofantrine (6 tablets), Mefloquine (3 tablets), Proguanil (not stated), Q (1000 tablets), AL IB (6 tablets), SP (3 tablets). IFC = International Finance Corporation. Mark-up data were rounded to the nearest whole number. §KII = key informant interviews; Mystery shopper technique = unobtrusive observation of shop attendants by researchers who pose as client seeking care from a provider who is unaware of their identity.
Patouillard et al. Malaria Journal 2010 9:50 doi:10.1186/1475-2875-9-50

Table 3