Table 1

All 39 included studies showing the Proportions of Fevers associated with Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia (PFPf)

First author

Start of the study

Country

Urban/rural area

Place of recruit-ment

Clinical inclusion criteria

Total number of patients

Overall PFPf

Age groups

Season

PFPf

Rooth [13]

1986

Tanzania

Rural

Primary care

History of fever

596

81%

≤ 9 years

Both seasons

81%

Rougemont [22]

1987

Niger

Rural

Primary care

Temp ≥37.5°C

285

57%

≤ 9 years

Rainy season

57%

Salako [23]

1987

Nigeria

Urban

Hospital

History of fever or elevated temp

7713

55%

< 5 years

Both seasons

61%

5-18 years

60%

> 18 years

41%

Ejezie [24]

1988

Nigeria

Urban

Hospital

Presumptive malaria

1188

45%

≤ 9 years

Both seasons

45%

Gaye [25]

1988

Senegal

Urban

Primary care

Temp ≥38°C

353

31%

≤ 9 years

Rainy season

28%

10-14 years

35%

> 14 years

33%

Olivar [26]

1989

Niger

Urban

Primary care

Temp > 38°C

576

35%

< 5 years

Rainy season

62%

Dry season

5%

Lubanga [27]

1992

Uganda

Urban

Hospital

History of fever

435

64%

≤ 5 years

Rainy season

64%

Meremikwu [28]

1993

Nigeria

Urban

Hospital

Temp ≥37.5°C

225

63%

< 5 years

Rainy season

63%

Redd [29]

1993

Malawi

Rural

Hospital

Presumptive malaria

1124

60%

< 5 years

Rainy season

60%

Olaleye [30]

1993

the Gambia

Rural

Primary care

History of fever or temp ≥37.5°C

407

59%

≤ 9 years

Rainy season

59%

Weber [31]

1993

the Gambia

Urban

Hospital

Presumptive malaria

440

7%

< 5 years

Rainy season

17%

Dry season

4%

Gaye [32]

1994

Senegal

Urban

Hospital

History of fever

762

31%

All ages

Rainy season

59%

Dry season

5%

< 5 years

Both seasons

14%

≥ 5 years

36%

Font [14]

1995

Tanzania

Rural

Primary care

History of fever or temp > 37.5°C

641

44%

< 5 years

Rainy season

57%

≥ 5 years

24%

Tarimo [33]

1996

Tanzania

Urban

Hospital

Presumptive malaria

400

52%

All ages

Both seasons

52%

Cooke [34]

1996

the Gambia

Rural

Hospital

History of fever or elevated temp

398

36%

All ages

Rainy season

36%

Muhe [35]

1996

Ethiopia

Rural

Primary care

History of fever or temp ≥38°C

2490

22%

< 5 years

Rainy season

30%

Dry season

6%

Cortes [36]

1996

Mauritania

Urban

Hospital

History of fever

416

19%

All ages

Both seasons

19%

Oster [37]

1996

Tanzania

Rural

Hospital

History of fever or temp ≥37.5°C

168

14%

Adults

Rainy season

20%

Dry season

0%

Nsimba [15]

1997

Tanzania

Rural

Primary care

Presumptive malaria

449

38%

≤ 5 years

Rainy season

38%

Akim [38]

1997

Tanzania

Rural

Primary care

History of fever

6580

43%

≤ 6 years

Both seasons

57%

7-15 years

44%

> 15 years

27%

Arness [39]

1998

Kenya

Rural

Primary care

Presumptive malaria

2796

29%

< 5 years

Both seasons

32%

5-15 years

35%

> 15 years

23%

Tarimo [40]

2000

Tanzania

Rural

Hospital

Malaria based on IMCI criteria

395

70%

≤ 5 years

Rainy season

70%

Guthmann [41]

2000

Uganda

Rural

Hospital

Presumptive malaria

742

57%

< 5 years

Rainy season

64%

> 5 years

52%

Gouagna [42]

2000

Kenya

Rural

Primary care

Presumptive malaria

3754

47%

< 5 years

Both seasons

55%

5-15 years

57%

> 15 years

36%

Raharimalala [43]

2001

Madagas-car

Rural

Primary care

Presumptive malaria

149

35%

< 15 years

Rainy season

37%

≥ 15 years

29%

Assoumou [44]

2001

Ivory Coast

Urban

Hospital

Temp ≥37.5°C

902

29%

< 5 years

Both seasons

31%

5-15 years

27%

Othnigue [45]

2002

Chad

Urban

Primary care

Presumptive malaria

712

30%

All ages

Rainy season

35%

Dry season

12%

< 5 years

Both seasons

19%

5-14 years

50%

≥ 15 years

27%

Zurovac [46]

2002

Kenya

Rural

Primary care

Sent for malaria test by clinician in charge

261

13%

≥ 5 years

Rainy season

13%

Malik [47]

2002

Sudan

Urban

Hospital

History of fever

655

12%

< 5 years

Dry season

11%

5-16 years

13%

Wang [48]

2002

Ivory coast

Urban

Primary care

History of fever or temp ≥37.5°C

429

35%

≤ 5 years

Rainy season

36%

6-15 years

44%

> 15 years

26%

Wang [49]

2002

Burkina

Urban

Primary care

History of fever or temp ≥37.5°C

560

22%

≤ 5 years

Dry season

22%

6-15 years

37%

> 15 years

18%

Wang [50]

2003

Tanzania

Urban

Primary care

History of fever or temp ≥37.5°C

717

5%

≤ 5 years

Dry season

5%

6-15 years

7%

> 15 years

4%

Wang [51]

2003

Benin

Urban

Primary care

History of fever or temp ≥37.5°C

379

2%

≤ 5 years

Dry season

4%

6-15 years

0%

> 15 years

1%

Yacoub [52]

2003

Zanzibar

Rural

Primary care

History of fever

or temp > 37.5°C

207

77%

≤ 5 years

Rainy season

77%

Ogungbami-gbe [53]

2004

Nigeria

Urban

Hospital

Temp ≥37.5°C

646

53%

≤ 9 years

Rainy season

62%

Dry season

28%

Kachur [54]

2004

Tanzania

Rural

Primary care

History of fever

769

31%

< 5 years

Rainy season

43%

≥ 5 years

23%

Reyburn [16]

2005

Tanzania

Rural

Hospital

Sent for malaria test by clinician in charge

2397

15%

< 5 years

Rainy season

21%

5-15 years

17%

> 15 years

8%

Reyburn [55]

2005

Tanzania

Rural

Hospital

Sent for malaria test by clinician in charge

214

4%

All ages

Rainy season

4%

Mens [56]

2007

Kenya

Rural

Primary care

History of fever or temp ≥37.5°C

650

17%

≤ 12 years

Rainy season

17%

D'Acremont et al. Malaria Journal 2010 9:240   doi:10.1186/1475-2875-9-240