Malaria risk and access to prevention and treatment in the paddies of the Kilombero Valley, Tanzania

Manuel W Hetzel¹^,2 , Sandra Alba¹^,2 , Mariette Fankhauser¹ , Iddy Mayumana² , Christian Lengeler¹ , Brigit Obrist¹ , Rose Nathan² , Ahmed M Makemba² , Christopher Mshana² , Alexander Schulze³ and Hassan Mshinda²

¹Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, PO Box, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland

²Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, PO Box 53, Ifakara, Tanzania

³Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development, WRO-1002.11.56, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland

author email corresponding author email

Malaria Journal 2008, 7:7doi:10.1186/1475-2875-7-7


Published:	9 January 2008

Abstract

Background

The Kilombero Valley is a highly malaria-endemic agricultural area in south-eastern Tanzania. Seasonal flooding of the valley is favourable to malaria transmission. During the farming season, many households move to distant field sites (shamba in Swahili) in the fertile river floodplain for the cultivation of rice. In the shamba, people live for several months in temporary shelters, far from the nearest health services. This study assessed the impact of seasonal movements to remote fields on malaria risk and treatment-seeking behaviour.

Methods

A longitudinal study followed approximately 100 randomly selected farming households over six months. Every household was visited monthly and whereabouts of household members, activities in the fields, fever cases and treatment seeking for recent fever episodes were recorded.

Results

Fever incidence rates were lower in the shamba compared to the villages and moving to the shamba did not increase the risk of having a fever episode. Children aged 1–4 years, who usually spend a considerable amount of time in the shamba with their caretakers, were more likely to have a fever than adults (odds ratio = 4.47, 95% confidence interval 2.35–8.51). Protection with mosquito nets in the fields was extremely good (98% usage) but home-stocking of antimalarials was uncommon. Despite the long distances to health services, 55.8% (37.9–72.8) of the fever episodes were treated at a health facility, while home-management was less common (37%, 17.4–50.5).

Conclusion

Living in the shamba does not appear to result in a higher fever-risk. Mosquito nets usage and treatment of fever in health facilities reflect awareness of malaria. Inability to obtain drugs in the fields may contribute to less irrational use of drugs but may pose an additional burden on poor farming households. A comprehensive approach is needed to improve access to treatment while at the same time assuring rational use of medicines and protecting fragile livelihoods.