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Prevalence of pfmdr1, pfcrt, pfdhfr and pfdhps mutations associated with drug resistance, in Luanda, Angola

Paula Figueiredo1*, Carla Benchimol2, Dinora Lopes1, Luís Bernardino2, Virgílio E do Rosário1, Luís Varandas3 and Fátima Nogueira1

Author Affiliations

1 UEI Malária/Centro de Malária e Doenças Tropicais/IHMT/Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 96, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal

2 Hospital Pediátrico Dr. David Bernardino, Av. Amílcar Cabral, Maianga, Luanda, Angola

3 UEI Clínica das Doenças Tropicais/Centro de Malária e Doenças Tropicais/IHMT/Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 96, 1349-008, Lisbon, Portugal

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Malaria Journal 2008, 7:236 doi:10.1186/1475-2875-7-236

Published: 17 November 2008

Abstract

Background

Malaria is the infectious disease causing the highest morbidity and mortality in Angola and due to widespread chloroquine (CQ) resistance, the country has recently changed its first-line treatment recommendations for uncomplicated malaria, from CQ to artemisinin combination therapies (ACT) in adults, and sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine (S/P) in pregnant women. Loss of SP sensitivity is, however, progressing rapidly in Africa and, in this study, were investigated a number of molecular markers associated to CQ and S/P.

Methods

Blood samples were collected from 245 children with uncomplicated malaria, admitted at the Pediatric Hospital Dr. David Bernardino (HPDB), Angola, and the occurrence of mutations in Plasmodium falciparum was investigated in the pfmdr1 (N86Y) and pfcrt (K76T) genes, associated with CQ resistance, as well as in pfdhfr (C59R) and pfdhps (K540E), conferring SP resistance.

Results

The frequencies of pfmdr1 mutations in codon 86 were 28.6% N, 61.3% Y and 10.1% mixed infections (NY). The frequency of pfcrt mutations in codon 76 were 93.9% K, 5.7% T and 0.4% mixed infections (KT). For pfdhfr the results were in codon 59, 60.6% C, 20.6% R and 18.8% mixed infections (CR). Concerning pfdhps, 6.3% of the isolates were bearers of the mutation 540E and 5.4% mixed infections (K540E).

Conclusion

The results of this epidemiologic study showed high presence of CQ resistance markers while for SP a much lower prevalence was detected for the markers under study.