Table 4 |
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Comparison of the effects of various neem-based products and their azadirachtin contents on various mosquito species. |
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Product description |
Azadirachtin content |
Mosquito species |
Investigated effects |
Recorded Potency |
Larval Sages tested |
Reference |
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Neem oil formulation, An emulsified concentrate made from neem seed oil extracts |
0.03% azadirachtin content (32% neem oil) |
An. gambiae |
Larval mortality, IGR and inhibition of adult emergence |
LC 50 of 10.68 ppm and EI 50 of 6.44 ppm |
3rd and 4th instars larvae and Adults |
This article |
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Neem Azal (Neem seed kernel powdered extract) |
34% Azadirachtin A and a total limonoids content of 57.6% |
An. stephensi |
Effects of blood feeding, oviposition, and oocyst ultrastructure |
10–1000 ppm treatments impair feeding, oogenesis and oviposition |
Adults and oocyst |
Lucantoni et al 2006 |
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Neem Azal (Neem seed kernel powdered extract) |
40% Azadirachtin content |
Ae. aegypti |
Larval mortality, molting inhibition |
Molting inhibition and larval mortality occurred at all instars |
2nd, 3rd and 4th instars larvae |
Boschitz. And Grunewald 1994 |
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Emulsifiable concentrates |
Cx. tarsalis |
Antifeedancy |
5 ppm-10 ppm AZ induces antifeedancy |
Adults |
Su and Mulla 1998 |
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Neemix EC 4.5 |
0.0005%-0.001% |
Cx. quinquefasciatus |
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Azad EC 4.5 |
5 ppm-10 ppm |
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Azad WP 10: wettable Product Azad EC 4.5: Emulsifiable concentrate |
0.001% 10 ppm |
Cx. tarsalis |
Ovicidal |
0% hatching rate observed with Azad WP 10 and 46.7% hatching rate with Azad EC 4.5 |
Eggs |
Su and Mulla 1998 |
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Water based pure neem oil emulsion |
Not indicated |
An. stephensi Cx. quinquefasciatus |
Inhibition of Adult emergence |
0.1 ml/l of 5% of the neem oil caused 100% emergence inhibition |
Imatures (aquatic stages) |
Batra et al 1998 |
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Water based pure neem oil emulsion |
Not indicated |
Ae. aegypti |
Inhibition of Adult emergence |
0.4 ml/l of 5% of the neem oil caused 100% emergence inhibition |
Imatures (aquatic stages) |
Batra et al 1998 |
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Pure neem oil made from seed extracts |
Not indicated |
Cx. quinquefasciatus Ae. aegypti |
Larval mortality |
0.02–0.1% caused 100% larval mortality |
4th instar larvae |
Sinniah et al 1994 |
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Neem formulation (name in the original paper is in Arabic) |
0.6 ppm-1.9 pm 0.00006% – 0.00019% |
Ochlerotatus japonicus Cx. pipiens pallens |
Larval mortality and inhibition of adult emergence. |
LC50 of 0.342 and 0.367 for Ochlerotatus japonicus and Culex pipiens pallens respectively. 1.9 ppm and 0.6 ppm solutions caused 99% and 75% emergence inhibition respectively |
4th Instar Larvae |
Mikami and Yamashita 2004 |
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Okumu et al. Malaria Journal 2007 6:63 doi:10.1186/1475-2875-6-63 |
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