Research

Efficacy and safety of artemisinin-based antimalarial in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in children in southern Tanzania

Abdunoor M Kabanywanyi¹ , Alex Mwita² , Deborah Sumari^1,3 , Renata Mandike² , Kefas Mugittu¹ and Salim Abdulla¹

¹  Ifakara Health Research and Development Centre, Tanzania

²  National Malaria Control Programme, Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, United Republic of Tanzania

³  Faculty of Science Department of Molecular biology and Biotechnology, University College of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

author email corresponding author email

Malaria Journal 2007, 6:146doi:10.1186/1475-2875-6-146

Published:	11 November 2007

Abstract

Background

Tanzania switched the antimalarial first line to sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in 2001 from ineffective chloroquine (CQ). By 2003 higher levels of SP resistance were recorded, prompting an urgent need for replacing the first line drug with ACT, as currently recommended by the World Health Organization. Despite this recommendation country-specific evidence-based data to support efficacy and safety profile of ACT is still limited. A study on the efficacy and safety of artesunate plus amodiaquine (AS+AQ) and artemether plus lumefantrine (AL)(Coartem^®) was carried out in 2004 with the view of supporting the National Malaria Control Programme in the review of the policy in mainland Tanzania.

Methods

An in vivo efficacy study was conducted at Ipinda and Mlimba health facilities between May and November 2004. The study recruited children aged 6–59 months presenting with symptoms of uncomplicated malaria, history of fever or an axillary temperature ≥37.5°C; mono infection with Pasmodium falciparum (2,000–200,000 parasites/μl). Patients were randomized to received either SP or amodiaquine monotherapy or treated with standard doses of AS+AQ in Mlimba and Coartem in Kyela and followed-up for 28 days to assess treatment responses. This study reports results of the combination therapies.

Results

A total of 157 children (76 in Mlimba and 99 in Kyela) who were enrolled in to the study and treated with either AL or AS+AQ were successfully followed-up. Both combinations were tolerated and effected rapid fever and parasite clearance. The crude ACPRs were 80 (87%) and 41 (63%) for AL and AS+AQ respectively. However, after PCR adjustments the corresponding figures raised to 100% (n = 86) and 93.8% (n = 45) in AL and AS+AQ groups, respectively. The mean haemoglobin improved moderately from day 0 to day 28 by 1 g/dl in AL and 0.4 g/dl in AS+AQ treatment group and was statistically significant (p < 0.001 both).

Conclusion

These findings provide substantial evidence that AL is highly efficacious in areas of high resistance of SP and supported the country's decision to switch from SP monotherapy to AL.