|
Factors associated with P. falciparum infection and anaemia (Hb < 11 g/dl), significant associations in univariate tests (N = 296)1 |
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| Variables tested |
Prevalence of P. falciparum infection (95% CI) |
Prevalence of Hb < 11 (95% CI) |
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|
|
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| Education ≥ middle school |
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| No (n = 132) |
40.9% |
(32.5, 49.3)*** |
63.6% |
(55.4, 71.8)*** |
| Yes (n = 164) |
12.8% |
(7.7, 17.9) |
39.6% |
(32.1, 47.1) |
| Ethnic group |
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| Akan/Ga/Ewe (n = 167) |
16.2% |
(10.6, 21.8)*** |
35.9% |
(28.6, 43.2)*** |
| North/Immigrant (n = 129) |
37.2% |
(28.9, 45.5) |
69.0% |
(61.0, 77.0) |
| Socioeconomic score2 |
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| Lowest (n = 80) |
47.5% |
(36.6, 58.4)*** |
67.5% |
(57.2, 77.8)** |
| Middle (n = 109) |
26.6% |
(18.3, 34.9) |
47.7% |
(38.3, 57.1) |
| Highest (n = 107) |
7.5% |
(2.5, 12.5) |
40.2% |
(30.9, 49.5) |
| Use repellents/coils/sprays |
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| No (n = 83) |
15.7% |
(7.9, 23.5)* |
41.0% |
(30.4, 51.6)* |
| Yes (n = 213) |
29.1% |
(23.0, 35.2) |
54.0% |
(47.3, 60.7) |
| Nearest health facility3 |
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| < 150 m (n = 97) |
12.4% |
(5.8, 19.0)*** |
45.4% |
(35.5, 55.3)** |
| 150–250 m (n = 112) |
26.8% |
(18.6, 35.0) |
42.9% |
(33.7, 52.1) |
| ≥ 250 m (n = 87) |
37.9% |
(27.7, 48.1) |
65.5% |
(55.5, 75.5) |
| Child sex |
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| Male (n = 138) |
24.6% |
(17.4, 31.8) |
58.0% |
(49.8, 66.2)* |
| Female (n = 158) |
25.9% |
(19.1, 32.7) |
43.7% |
(36.0, 51.4) |
| Child age group |
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| 1–3 years (n = 108) |
15.7% |
(8.8, 22.6)** |
61.1% |
(51.9, 70.3)** |
| 4–6 years (n = 106) |
34.0% |
(25.0, 43.0) |
51.9% |
(42.4, 61.4) |
| 7–9 years (n = 82) |
26.8% |
(17.2, 36.4) |
34.1% |
(23.8, 44.4) |
| Rural travel, past 3 weeks |
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| No (n = 286) |
23.8% |
(18.9, 28.7)** |
49.3% |
(43.5, 55.1) |
| Yes (n = 10) |
70.0% |
(41.6, 98.4) |
80.0% |
(55.2, 100) |
| Malnourished(stunted, wasted or underweight) |
||||
| No (n = 226/294) |
24.8% |
(19.2, 30.4) |
46.5% |
(40.0, 53.0)* |
| Yes (n = 68/294) |
26.5% |
(16.0, 37.0) |
63.2% |
(51.7, 74.7) |
| Stunted (height-for-age Z-score < -2) |
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| No (n = 253/295) |
23.7% |
(18.5, 28.9) |
47.0% |
(40.8, 53.2)** |
| Yes (n = 42/295) |
33.3% |
(19.0, 47.6) |
71.4% |
(57.7, 85.1) |
| P. falciparum infection |
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| No (n = 221) |
n/a |
42.1% |
(35.6, 48.6)*** |
|
| Yes (n = 75) |
74.7% |
(64.9, 84.5) |
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| Clinical malaria4 |
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| No (n = 266) |
n/a |
47.0% |
(41.0, 53.0)** |
|
| Yes (n = 30) |
80.0% |
(65.7, 94.3) |
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1. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 2. Based on World Bank asset scores for Ghana [12]: lowest (scores = 0,1), middle (2), highest (3.4) 3. Health facility = government hospital or primary care clinic 4. Clinical malaria: P. falciparum with reported fever in past 48 hours and/or current axillary temperature ≥ 37.5°C | ||||
Ronald et al. Malaria Journal 2006 5:105 doi:10.1186/1475-2875-5-105 |
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